Achei um artigo sobre a relação entre a arquitectura de Mackintosh, a arquitectura de Le Corbusier, e a visão que cada um tinha do ser humano. O artigo se baseia numa distinção de Elias entre o homo clausus e os homines aperti. O homo clausus seria a incarnação do individuo, do sujeito cartesiano, centrado na sua própria reflexão. Essa seria a visão que tem Le Corbusier. De outro lado, Mackintosh seria influenciado por uma visão dos homines aperti, quer dizer que sua arquitectura da muito mais importância ao ser humano como parte de uma sociedade. Nessa visão, a arquitectura tem um papel central : o de condicionar as interações entre os individuos.
Desculpem, o artigo esta em ingles, mas acho que vale a pena fazer o esforço de ler se você tem interesse no enlace entre arquitectura e sociologia. Vocês podem ler o artigo completo aqui. Algumas citações, por fim...
" The architecture and, to some extent, explicit beliefs of Le Corbusier seem to embody the assumption of homo clausu.s. Le Corbusier is perhaps best known for his design of the apartment building. Unite d'Habitation (built 1949-52, Marseille) which has become his trademark. Built from concrete and comprising twelve floors of self-contained apartments alongside amenities such as a laundry, children's nursery and shops, this apartment block conveys Le Corbusier's assumption that the individual is the starting point of knowledge. Social interaction functions as a means to an end (such as shopping simply to purchase food) rather than as a social activity which has the potential to inform and influence our and others' identities. The homo clausus that Le Corbusier conceived to fill these modular, concrete apartments is a prominent figure in his work."
" In contrast to homo clausus, Elias offers an alternative notion, homines aperti - 'open people', which represents the recognition that human beings are interdependent with other human beings from the moment of birth, and that they are formed in mind and body through that social interdependence. By their very nature, they always need other people. Social interaction is, therefore, the key to the development and understanding of the individual as was stressed, before Elias, by the symbolic interactionist tradition from Mead to Goffman. Mackintosh's architectural practice seems to represent this way of thinking. Although he never explicitly outlines a theory of the individual, his work seems to betray a belief in the person as a fluid and changing subject who is influenced by others and in tum influences them and his work encourages and celebrates social interaction. As a consequence, his interiors seem at onee more itituitive, more conducive to social interaction and more tactile than Le Corbusier's social and domestic spaces. Le Corbusier and Mackintosh's work cannot of course be viewed in isolation from the socio-economic, historical and cultural context in which they were coticeived. Le Corbusier was influenced by the post-war need for housing and he formulated his design philosophy on his enthusiasm for new technologies and a desire to use these technologies as a way of standardising architecture. "
" The International Style sought to develop a prototype 'living unit' which could be adopted all over the world regardless of local conditions or building techniques. Le Corbusier famously termed this living unit, 'a machine for living in". Breaking with the past allowed the freedom to invent a new modem lifestyle. The 'machine for living in" was functional, hygienic and efficient in its use of space and building materials. Being based on mathematical proportions, it could also he easily adapted to suit any number of inhabitants. "
" The Chartreuse D'Ema was seen by him as, 'heaven on earth [where he] should like to spend thewhole of [his] life ... in what they call ... cells; it is the solution to the housing problem' (Tzonis, 2001:21). The isolated, meditative individual that is coneeived to inhabit these cells reminds us of Elias's homo clauses and his comments on the Cartesian self Harvey observes that social interaction is seen as superfluous to the formation of the self one of the main goals of Descartes's philosophical efforts was to detach knowledge and the self from the webs of relationships and interaction that make up most of a normal person's life ... this looks like a declaration of independence; everyone has the opportunity to write his own life story without interference from other people or cultural and social obstacles. (Harvey, 2005) "
" Although Le Corbusier's dedication to purism seems to suggest that nothing, not even the inhabitants of his buildings, should transgress upon his design, his motivation seems to be driven by a strict aesthetic belief rather than an extreme political ideology. This aesthetic does, though, have a detrimental effect on any humanitarian motivation that he may have had. Unlike Mackintosh, who manages to capture the personality and lifestyle of the inhabitant in his commissions, Le Corbusier's admiration of technology makes him rigid in his intended use for his buildings and he is reluctant to hand over any ownership to the inhabitants. "
" Le Corbusier's designing style and we can speculate that the design of interiors ties in with his desire to create a modem man. Mackintosh's designs, in contrast, seem to respect and encourage individuals and social groups to use their space in accordance with their own needs, taste and lifestyle. "
" So what are the practical consequences of buildings for the people within them and for wider society? And should architects bear in mind some notion of responsibility when conceiving their designs? Although these questions contribute to a mueh wider debate than can be covered here, it does seem, that when designs can have such a far-reaching effect on society as demonstrated and well documented by failed housing projects, it would be both unrealistic and irresponsible for architects
not to take needs of users into account. Spiro Kostoff (2005) has remarked that one failure of the Modem Movement of the early twentieth century was just this - to avoid consulting users of housing. He points out that it was the architect who was deemed qualified to make these decisions. It is interesting to note that the architect of the twentieth century is perceived as being justified in making
decisions on behalf of the masses because of an assumed higher intellect. Le Corbusier certainly fits into this powerful role, viewing his designs as instruments of his intelligent vision for a more ordered and effective society. "
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário